Crude Oil Process

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🛢️ 1. Extraction (Getting Crude Oil)

Crude oil is found deep underground or under the sea.

  • Oil wells are drilled into the earth to bring the crude oil to the surface.

  • This raw oil contains oil, gas, water, and impurities.

🧹 2. Separation and Cleaning

Before refining, crude oil is cleaned to remove water, salt, and dirt.

  • This prevents damage to the refinery equipment.

  • The clean crude oil is then ready for refining.

🔥 3. Refining (Main Process)

Refining happens in a refinery, where crude oil is heated and separated.
This is called Fractional Distillation.

Steps:

  • The crude oil is heated in a furnace until it becomes vapor.

  • The vapors enter a distillation column — a tall tower with trays at different levels.

  • Different components condense at different temperatures:

    • Top: LPG, petrol (gasoline) – light and cool.

    • Middle: Kerosene, diesel – medium weight.

    • Bottom: Lubricating oil, bitumen – heavy and thick.

⚗️ 4. Conversion Processes

Some heavier parts are converted into lighter fuels using processes like:

  • Cracking – breaks large molecules into smaller ones (e.g., to make more petrol).

  • Reforming – improves fuel quality.

🧪 5. Treatment and Blending

After separation:

  • Sulfur and other impurities are removed.

  • Fuels are blended with additives to meet quality standards.

🚗 6. Storage and Distribution

The finished products — petrol, diesel, LPG, jet fuel, etc. — are stored in large tanks and then transported to:

  • Fuel stations

  • Airports

  • Industries

✅ Main Products from Crude Oil

  • Petrol (Gasoline)

  • Diesel

  • Kerosene (Jet fuel)

  • LPG (Cooking gas)

  • Lubricants

  • Bitumen (Road surfacing)

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